Impact of Equation Choice on Resting Metabolic Rate Ratio in High-Level Men and Women Athletes.

Objective: To examine the impact of the RMR ratio cutoff point selected on the categorization of prevalence/absence of low energy availability among predictive equations in high-level athletes (n = 241 [99 women]; 52% competed at the World Championship and Olympic Games), and whether this categorization is influenced by sex and the predictive equation used.Methods: We assessed RMR using indirect calorimetry, predicted the RMR using the equations proposed by Harris-Benedict, FAO/WHO/UNU, de Lorenzo, ten Haaf and Wejis, Wong, Jagim, Cunningham, and Freire, and computed the RMR ratio for each equation.Results: We observed that the cumulative percentage of RMR ratio values increased at a faster rate using Jagim, ten Haaf and Wejis, and Cunningham equations compared to the other equations. At the 0.90 value (the most used cutoff point in literature), the Jagim equation categorized ≥ 50% of the athletes into "low energy availability". No Sex × Equation × Sport interaction effect was observed (F = 0.10, p = 1.0). There was a significant main effect to Sex (F = 11.7, p < 0.001, ES = 0.05), Sport (F = 16.4, p < 0.001, ES = 0.01), and Equation (F = 64.1, p < 0.001, ES = 0.19). Wong and FAO/WHO/UNU equations yielded the largest errors (assessed vs. predicted RMR) in men and women, respectively.Conclusion: The selected RMR ratio cutoff point influences the prevalence/absence of low energy availability characterization in high-level athletes and suggests that certain equations could bias its assessment.

The Effect of Daily Heart Rate Workloads on Preseason, Midseason, and Postseason Oxygen Consumption in Division I Basketball.

ABSTRACT: Howard, M, Sanders, GJ, Kollock, RO, Peacock, CA, and Freire, R. The effect of daily heart rate workloads on preseason, midseason, and postseason oxygen consumption in Division I basketball. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 704-708, 2024-Basketball is a dynamic sport, requiring athletes to elicit a high-level of physical, tactical, technical, and psychological attributes and athletes must possess a robustly trained aerobic energy system. There is no research to assess how objectively measured training loads throughout a season influence aerobic capacity. The following study was a retrospective analysis of an NCAA Division I women's basketball team throughout a 5-month (23-week) competitive season. Data were sorted into season half totals and maximal oxygen consumption was recorded before, at the midway point and within 1-week postseason. Twelve athletes were monitored during each practice, pregame shoot around, scrimmage, and game for a total of 1,378 recorded sessions with a valid heart rate-based wearable microsensor (Polar Team Pro) during the season. There was a main effect of time for V̇O 2max throughout the season ( p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis revealed there was a significant increase in V̇O 2max from preseason to postseason ( p < 0.001). Interestingly, there were significant ( p ≤ 0.001 for all) decreases from the first half to the second half of the season for training load, and time allocated to HR Zone1-4 , but no difference in time for the most intense zone, HR zone5 . Conclusion: Oxygen consumption significantly increased 7.5% from preseason to postseason despite a reduction in overall work. The only training intensity that was not different from the first half to second half of the season was time in the highest heart rate intensity zone ≥85% of HR max .

Effect of gas exchange data selection methods on resting metabolic rate estimation in young athletes.

This cross-sectional study analysed the effect of the gas exchange data selection methods on the resting metabolic rate (RMR) estimation and proposed a protocol shortening providing a suitable RMR estimation for young athletes. Sixty-six healthy young Brazilian athletes performed a 30-minute RMR assessment. Different methods of gas exchange data selection were applied: short and long-time intervals, steady-state (SSt), and filtering. A mixed one-way ANOVA was used to analyse the mean differences in gas exchange, RMR, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and coefficients of variation across all methods. Additionally, paired Student's t-test were used to compare the first and best SSt RMR values for each SSt method (3, 4, and 5-min). The 5-min SSt method provided the lowest RMR estimate (1454 kcal.day-1). There was a statistical difference between methods (F = 2.607, p = 0.04), but they presented a clinically irrelevant absolute difference (~36 kcal.day-1). There were no differences in RER among methods. In addition, using the SSt method, 12 minutes of assessment were enough to obtain a valid estimation of RMR. The 5-min SSt method should be employed for assessing the RMR among young athletes, considering the possibility of obtaining a shortened assessment (~12 min) with an acceptable and low coefficient of variation.

New Predictive Resting Metabolic Rate Equations for High-Level Athletes: A Cross-Validation Study.

PURPOSE: The present study aims a) to assess the agreement between the measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) using indirect calorimetry and different predictive equations (predicted RMR), and b) to propose and cross-validate two new predictive equations for estimating the RMR in high-level athletes. METHODS: The RMR of 102 athletes (44 women) was assessed using indirect calorimetry, whereas the body composition was assessed using skinfolds. Comparisons between measured and predicted RMR values were performed using one-way ANOVA. Mean difference, root mean square error (RMSE), simple linear regression, and Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate the agreement between measured and predicted RMR. The accuracy of predictive equations was analyzed using narrower and wider accuracy limits (±5% and ±10%, respectively) of measured RMR. Multiple linear regression models were employed to develop the new predictive equations based on traditional predictors (equation 1) and the stepwise method (equation 2). RESULTS: The new equations 1 and 2 presented good agreement based on the mean difference (3 and -15 kcal·d -1 ), RMSE (200 and 192 kcal·d -1 ), and R2 (0.71 and 0.74), respectively, and accuracy (61% of subjects between the limit of ±10% of measured RMR). Cunningham's equation provided the best performance for males and females among the existing equations, whereas Jagim's equation showed the worst performance for males (mean difference = -335 kcal·d -1 ; RMSE = 386 kcal·d -1 ). Compared with measured RMR, most predictive equations showed heteroscedastic distribution (linear regression's intercept and slope significantly different from zero; P ≤ 0.05), mainly in males. CONCLUSIONS: The new proposed equations can estimate the RMR in high-level athletes accurately. Cunningham's equation is a good option from existing equations, and Jagim's equation should not be used in high-level male athletes.

Maximal and Submaximal Cardiorespiratory Responses to a Novel Graded Karate Test.

The present study aimed to propose and assess the physiological responses of a novel graded karate test. Ten male national-level karate athletes (age 26 ± 5 yrs; body mass 69.5 ± 11.6 kg; height 1.70 ± 0.09 m) performed two exercise tests (separated by 2-7 days): 1) a running-based cardiopulmonary exercise test; 2) a graded karate test. The cardiopulmonary exercise test was comprised of an individualized ramp protocol for treadmill running, and the graded karate test was comprised of a sequence of 'kisami-gyaku-zuki" punching at a fixed frequency of a stationary target that becomes progressively distant. Cardiorespiratory responses, blood lactate concentration, and perceived exertion were measured. A verification phase was also performed in both tests to confirm the maximal physiological outcomes. The graded karate test evoked similar maximal responses to the running protocol: V̇O2 (57.4 ± 5.1 vs 58.3 ± 3.5 mL·kg-1·min-1; p = 0.53), heart rate (192 ± 6 vs 193 ± 10]beats.min-1; p = 0.62) and blood lactate (14.6 ± 3.4 vs 13.1 ± 3.0 mmol·L-1; p = 0.14) with a shorter duration (351 ± 71 vs 640 ± 9 s; p < 0.001). Additionally, the graded karate test evoked higher V̇O2 (72.6 ± 6.5 vs 64.4 ± 4.3 %V̇O2MAX; p = 0.005) and heart rate (89.4 ± 4.6 vs 77.3 ± 7.2 %HRMAX p < 0.001) at the ventilatory threshold and a higher heart rate (97.0 ± 2.4 vs 92.9 ± 2.2 %HRMAX; p = 0.02) at the respiratory compensation point. Incremental and verification phases evoked similar responses in V̇O2 and minute-ventilation during both tests. This novel displacement-based sport-specific test evoked similar maximal and higher submaximal responses, indicating a superior pathway to assess karate athletes.

The estimation of the resting metabolic rate is affected by the method of gas exchange data selection in high-level athletes.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: there is no consensus in the literature about the best method to estimate the RMR in a high-level athlete's cohort. Additionally, a shortening protocol may allow researchers, nutritionists, and clinicians to follow the RMR across the season and to propose better nutritional interventions, but this kind of protocol was not proposed in this cohort yet. Thus, this study aims to analyze the effect of the method of gas exchange data selection upon the RMR estimate and, possibly propose a shortening protocol with a valid and accurate RMR value. METHODS: Eighty-three healthy high-level athletes underwent a 30-minute RMR measurement with no rest period before the test. Different methods of gas exchange data selection were used: short and long time intervals (TI) [6-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25, 26-30, 6-25, or 6-30], Steady State (SS) with 3, 4, 5, or 10 min period length, and Filtering (low, medium, and high). Single and multiple linear regressions were used to examine the variance in the RMR provided by each method of gas exchange data selection. RESULTS: The High Filter method provided the lowest RMR estimate (1854 kcal.day-1), and most methods presented a mean absolute difference of ~43 kcal.day-1 from the High Filter method. There were no differences in RER among methods (F = 2.01, p = 0.10). Besides, twenty minutes of gas exchange measurement was necessary to obtain a valid and accurate RMR with no rest period before the test. The linear regression model that included sex, lean body mass, and fat mass better explained the variance in the RMR using the high filter method (~88%). CONCLUSIONS: The High Filter provided the lowest RMR value. Furthermore, a 20-minute protocol estimated a valid and accurate RMR value with no acclimation period before the measurement in high-level athletes.

New Predictive Resting Metabolic Rate Equations for High-Level Athletes: A Cross-validation Study.

PURPOSE: The present study aims a) to assess the agreement between the measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) using indirect calorimetry and different predictive equations (predicted RMR), and b) to propose and cross-validate two new predictive equations for estimating the RMR in high-level athletes. METHODS: The RMR of 102 athletes (44 women) was assessed using indirect calorimetry, while the body composition was assessed using skinfolds. Comparisons between measured and predicted RMR values were performed using one-way ANOVA. Mean difference, Root Mean Square Error, Simple Linear Regression, and Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate the agreement between measured and predicted RMR. The accuracy of predictive equations was analyzed using narrower and wider accuracy limits (±5% and ± 10%, respectively) of measured RMR. Multiple linear regressions models were employed to develop the new predictive equations based on traditional predictors (Equation 1) and the stepwise method (Equation 2). RESULTS: The new Equations 1 and 2 presented good agreement based on the mean difference (3 and -15 kcal.d-1), RMSE (200 and 192 kcal.d-1), and R2 (0.71 and 0.74), respectively, and accuracy (61% of subjects between the limit of ±10% of measured RMR). Cunningham's equation provided the best performance for males and females among the existing equations, whereas Harris & Benedict's equation showed the worst performance for males (mean difference = 406 kcal.d-1; RMSE = 473 kcal.d-1). Compared to measured RMR, most predictive equations showed heteroscedastic distribution (linear regression's intercept and slope significantly different from zero; p ≤ 0.05), mainly in males. CONCLUSIONS: The new proposed equations can estimate the RMR in high-level athletes accurately. Cunningham's equation is a good option from existing equations, and Harris & Benedict's equation should not be used in high-level male athletes.

Covid-19 and its effect on olympic sport: the importance of studying social isolation and the harm it causes, in order to minimize it / Covid-19 e seu efeito no esporte olímpico: a importância de estudar o isolamento social e seus danos a fim de minimizá-los / Covid-19 y su efecto en el deporte olímpico: la importancia de estudiar el aislamiento social y sus daños a fin de minimizarlos

ABSTRACT In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the disease caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus, known as COVID-19, to be a pandemic. The sporting world, too, is suffering from the global effects of this disease, with the postponement or cancellation of competitions, including the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. As a proposal for containing the disease, social isolation was declared. Despite the importance of this measure, it was harmful for Olympic athletes, as they had to stay away from their training site and trainers, as well as their interdisciplinary teams. It is therefore important to study this harm caused, in order to minimize it. In general, it is believed that regular physical activity is associated with improved immune system functioning. The lack of training can therefore have significant consequences for the performance and health of the Olympic athlete. From the athlete's point of view, the impaired immune system, due to the reduced frequency of physical exercise, leaves them more vulnerable to contracting or developing infections or other diseases. The risk of harm due to the decreased performance of preventive works is also evident in this population. The reductions in training load and intensity can cause changes in the athlete's body composition and affect various aspects of cardiorespiratory fitness, as well as reducing strength levels and muscle potency. In relation to the athlete's mental health, two aspects are particularly challenging: isolation and uncertainty. Based on the possible harm caused by social isolation, the need is seen for a specific and joint work, in an attempt to minimize it. This work addresses the following topics: (I) context: transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, discharge criteria, isolation and post-pandemic consequences; (II) harm and proposals: nutritional, physiological, biomechanical and psychological. Level of evidence II; Review Article.

RESUMO Em março de 2020, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) declarou como pandemia a doença causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV2, conhecida como COVID-19. O mundo do esporte acompanha e sofre os efeitos globais dessa enfermidade, com o adiamento ou cancelamento de competições, inclusive os Jogos Olímpicos de Tóquio 2020. Como proposta para contenção da doença, foi determinado o isolamento social. Apesar de importante, esta medida traz danos aos atletas olímpicos pelo afastamento do local de treinamento e de treinadores, assim como de sua equipe interdisciplinar. Portanto, entende-se a importância de estudar esses danos a fim de minimizá-los. De forma geral, acredita-se que a atividade física regular esteja associada à melhora do funcionamento do sistema imunológico. Assim, a falta de treinamento pode levar a consequências importantes para o desempenho e a saúde do atleta olímpico. Do ponto de vista da saúde do atleta, o comprometimento do sistema imunológico pela redução da regularidade do exercício físico deixa o atleta mais vulnerável a contrair e desenvolver infecções ou outras patologias. Além disso, o risco de lesões considerando a diminuição da realização dos trabalhos preventivos é evidente nessa população. As reduções da carga e da intensidade de treino podem provocar mudanças na composição corporal do atleta e afetar diversos componentes da aptidão cardiorrespiratória, assim como reduzir níveis de força e potência muscular. Com relação à saúde mental do atleta, dois aspectos são os mais desafiadores: o isolamento e a incerteza. A partir dos possíveis danos causados pelo isolamento social, entende-se a necessidade de um trabalho específico e em conjunto, na tentativa de minimizá-los. Neste trabalho serão abordados os seguintes tópicos: (I) contexto: transmissão, sintomas, diagnóstico, tratamento, critérios de alta, isolamento e consequências pós-pandemia; (II) danos e propostas: nutricionais, fisiológicas, biomecânicas, bioquímicas e psicológicas. Nível de evidência II; Artigo de Revisão.

RESUMEN En marzo de 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declaró como pandemia a la enfermedad causada por el virus SARS-CoV2, conocida como COVID-19. El mundo del deporte acompaña y sufre los efectos globales de esa enfermedad, con la postergación o cancelación de competiciones, inclusive los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio 2020. Como propuesta para contención de la enfermedad, se determinó el aislamiento social. A pesar de importante, esta medida trae daños a los atletas olímpicos por el alejamiento del local de entrenamiento y de entrenadores, así como de su equipo interdisciplinario. Por lo tanto, se entiende la importancia de estudiar esos daños a fin de minimizarlos. De forma general, se cree que la actividad física regular esté asociada a la mejora del funcionamiento del sistema inmunológico. Así, la falta de entrenamiento puede llevar a consecuencias importantes para el desempeño y la salud del atleta olímpico. Desde el punto de vista de la salud del atleta, el compromiso del sistema inmunológico por la reducción de la regularidad del ejercicio físico deja al atleta más vulnerable a contraer y desarrollar infecciones u otras patologías. Además, el riesgo de lesiones considerando la disminución de la realización de los trabajos preventivos es evidente en esa población. Las reducciones de la carga y de la intensidad de entrenamiento pueden provocar cambios en la composición corporal del atleta y afectar diversos componentes de la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria, así como reducir niveles de fuerza y potencia muscular. Con relación a la salud mental del atleta, dos aspectos son los más desafiantes: el aislamiento y la incertidumbre. A partir de los posibles daños causados por el aislamiento social, se entiende la necesidad de un trabajo específico y en conjunto, en la tentativa de minimizarlos. En este trabajo serán abordados los siguientes tópicos: (I) contexto: transmisión, síntomas, diagnóstico, tratamiento, criterios de alta, aislamiento y consecuencias postpandemia; (II) daños y propuestas: nutricionales, fisiológicas, biomecánicas, bioquímicas y psicológicas. Nivel de evidencia II; Artículo de Revisión.

Optimizing a Treadmill Ramp Protocol to Evaluate Aerobic Capacity of Hemiparetic Poststroke Patients.

Bernardes, WL, Montenegro, RA, Monteiro, WD, de Almeida Freire, R, Massaferri, R, and Farinatti, P. Optimizing a treadmill ramp protocol to evaluate aerobic capacity of hemiparetic poststroke patients. J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 876-884, 2018-A correct assessment of cardiopulmonary capacity is important for aerobic training within motor rehabilitation of poststroke hemiparetic patients (PSHPs). However, specific cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) for these patients are scarce. We proposed adaptations in a protocol originally developed for PSHPs by Ovando et al. (CPET1). We hypothesized that our adapted protocol (CPET2) would improve the original test, by preventing early fatigue and increasing patients' peak performance. Eleven PSHPs (52 ± 14 years, 10 men) performed both protocols. CPET2 integrated changes in final speed (100-120% vs. 140% maximal speed in 10-m walking test), treadmill inclination (final inclination of 5 vs. 10%), and estimated test duration (10 vs. 8 minutes) to smooth the rate of workload increment of CPET1. Peak oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak) (20.3 ± 6.1 vs. 18.6 ± 5.0 ml·kg·min; p = 0.04), V[Combining Dot Above]O2 at gas exchange transition (V[Combining Dot Above]O2-GET) (11.5 ± 2.9 vs. 9.8 ± 2.0 ml·kg·min; p = 0.04), and time to exhaustion (10 ± 3 vs. 6 ± 2 minutes; p < 0.001) were higher in CPET2 than in CPET1. Slopes and intercepts of regressions describing relationships between V[Combining Dot Above]O2 vs. workload, heart rate vs. workload, and V[Combining Dot Above]O2 vs. heart rate were similar between CPETs. However, standard errors of estimates obtained for regressions between heart rate vs. workload (3.0 ± 1.3 vs. 3.8 ± 1.0 b·min; p = 0.004) and V[Combining Dot Above]O2 vs. heart rate (6.0 ± 2.1 vs. 4.8 ± 2.4 ml·kg·min; p = 0.05) were lower in CPET2 than in CPET1. In conclusion, the present adaptations in Ovando's CPET protocol increased exercise tolerance of PSHPs, eliciting higher V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak and V[Combining Dot Above]O2-GET, preventing earlier fatigue, and providing better physiological relationships along submaximal workloads.

Locomotion Mode Affects the Physiological Strain during Exercise at Walk-Run Transition Speed inElderly Men.

This study investigated cardiorespiratory responses and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during prolonged walking and running exercise performed at the walk-run transition speed (WRTS) in untrained healthy elderly men. 20 volunteers (mean±SE, age: 68.4±1.2 yrs; height: 170.0±0.02 cm; body mass: 74.7±2.3 kg) performed the following bouts of exercise: a) maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET); b) specific protocol to detect WRTS; and c) two 30-min walking and running bouts at WRTS. Expired gases were collected during exercise bouts via the Ultima CardiO2 metabolic analyzer. Compared to walking, running at the WRTS resulted in higher oxygen uptake (>0.27 L·min-1), pulmonary ventilation (>7.7 L·min-1), carbon dioxide output (>0.23 L·min-1), heart rate (>15 beats·min-1), oxygen pulse (>0.88 15 mL·beats-1), energy expenditure (>27 kcal) and cost of oxygen transport (>43 mL·kg-1·km-1·bout-1). The increase of overall and local RPEs with exercise duration was similar across locomotion modes (P<0.001). In all participants, %HRR and %VO2R throughout walking and running bouts were around or above the gas exchange threshold. In conclusion, elderly men exhibited higher cardiorespiratory responses during 30-min bouts of running than walking at WRTS. Nevertheless, walking corresponded to relative metabolic intensities compatible with preservation or improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness and should be preferable over running at WRTS in the untrained elderly characterized by poor fitness and reduced exercise tolerance.

Erythrocyte nitric oxide availability and oxidative stress following exercise.

Growing evidence has shown that acute exercise impairs erythrocyte membrane structure and function as a consequence of increased physical and chemical stress. Erythrocyte-synthesized nitric oxide (NO) is known to modulate membrane fluidity, and its bioavailability depends on the balance between its production and scavenging by reactive oxygen species. Here, we investigated whether a maximal exercise test could affect erythrocyte NO bioavailability and oxidative stress. Twelve men (26±4 years old, V̇O2peak 44.1±4.3 mL·kg-1·min-1) performed a treadmill maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. Blood was collected at rest and immediately after exercise for erythrocytes isolation. Maximal exercise caused an increase in erythrocytes count, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels. There was no change in L-arginine influx into erythrocytes after exercise. Yet, nitric oxide synthase activity, and thus, NO production, was increased after maximal test, as well cyclic GMP levels. In relation to biomarkers of oxidative stress, maximal test resulted in increased levels of lipid peroxidation, and diminished superoxide dismutase activity. Neither glutathione peroxidase nor catalase activity was affected by maximal test. Our findings demonstrate that the increased erythrocyte membrane rigidity caused by an acute bout of exercise may be caused, in part, by an increased lipid oxidative damage caused by ROS produced exogenously.

How long does it take to achieve steady state for an accurate assessment of resting VO2 in healthy men?

The time necessary to obtain a steady state for an accurate and reliable assessment of resting [Formula: see text] remains unclear and was the purpose of this study. Thirty healthy men, aged 17-28 years, visited the laboratory twice for the assessment of resting [Formula: see text], which was assessed as follows: (a) 24 h abstention from physical exercise, alcohol, soft drinks and caffeine, (b) fasting for at least 8 h, (c) an acclimation period of 10 min, and (d) 60 min assessment in a supine position. Resting [Formula: see text] significantly changed during the 60 min (F = 37.4, P < 0.001), exhibiting a monoexponential decrease before reaching an asymptote. Post hoc pairwise comparisons showed that significant differences existed between consecutive means until the 30 min time point, after which there were no significant differences. The [Formula: see text] response across trials exhibited high test-retest reliability, with within-subject coefficients of variations at each time point ranging from 2.8 to 7.0 % and intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.90 to 0.99. The reliability was higher from the 25 min time point onwards. Based on these findings, the following recommendations are made to promote accurate assessment of resting [Formula: see text]: (a) initiate the resting [Formula: see text] measurement with 10 min of acclimation to the assessment apparatus, (b) determine resting [Formula: see text] for a minimum of 30 min, until an apparent [Formula: see text] steady state has been achieved; and (c) determine resting [Formula: see text] for a further 5 min, with the average of this last 5 min of data being regarding as the resting [Formula: see text].